ssl

Interface Functions for Secure Socket Layer

This module contains interface functions to the Secure Socket Layer.

SSL

ssl requires the crypto and public_key applications. Supported SSL/TLS-versions are SSL-3.0 and TLS-1.0, experimental support for TLS-1.1 and TLS-1.2 is also available (no support for elliptic curve cipher suites yet). For security reasons sslv2 is not supported. Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman cipher suites are supported but not Diffie Hellman Certificates cipher suites. Export cipher suites are not supported as the U.S. lifted its export restrictions in early 2000. IDEA cipher suites are not supported as they have become deprecated by the latest TLS spec so there is not any real motivation to implement them. CRL and policy certificate extensions are not supported yet.

COMMON DATA TYPES

The following data types are used in the functions below:

boolean() = true | false

option() = socketoption() | ssloption() | transportoption()

socketoption() = proplists:property() - The default socket options are [{mode,list},{packet, 0},{header, 0},{active, true}].

For valid options see inet(3) and gen_tcp(3).

ssloption() = {verify, verify_type()} | {verify_fun, {fun(), term()}} | {fail_if_no_peer_cert, boolean()} {depth, integer()} | {cert, der_encoded()}| {certfile, path()} | {key, {'RSAPrivateKey'| 'DSAPrivateKey' | 'PrivateKeyInfo', der_encoded()}} | {keyfile, path()} | {password, string()} | {cacerts, [der_encoded()]} | {cacertfile, path()} | |{dh, der_encoded()} | {dhfile, path()} | {ciphers, ciphers()} | {ssl_imp, ssl_imp()}| {reuse_sessions, boolean()} | {reuse_session, fun()}

transportoption() = {CallbackModule, DataTag, ClosedTag} - defaults to {gen_tcp, tcp, tcp_closed}. Ssl may be run over any reliable transport protocol that has an equivalent API to gen_tcp's.

      CallbackModule = atom()

      DataTag = atom() - tag used in socket data message.

      ClosedTag = atom() - tag used in socket close message.

verify_type() = verify_none | verify_peer

path() = string() - representing a file path.

der_encoded() = binary() -Asn1 DER encoded entity as an erlang binary.

host() = hostname() | ipaddress()

hostname() = string()

ip_address() = {N1,N2,N3,N4} % IPv4 | {K1,K2,K3,K4,K5,K6,K7,K8} % IPv6

sslsocket() - opaque to the user.

protocol() = sslv3 | tlsv1 | 'tlsv1.1' | 'tlsv1.2'

ciphers() = [ciphersuite()] | string() (according to old API)

ciphersuite() = {key_exchange(), cipher(), hash()}

key_exchange() = rsa | dhe_dss | dhe_rsa | dh_anon

cipher() = rc4_128 | des_cbc | '3des_ede_cbc' | aes_128_cbc | aes_256_cbc

hash() = md5 | sha

prf_random() = client_random | server_random

SSL OPTION DESCRIPTIONS - COMMON for SERVER and CLIENT

Options described here are options that are have the same meaning in the client and the server.

{cert, der_encoded()}
The DER encoded users certificate. If this option is supplied it will override the certfile option.
{certfile, path()}
Path to a file containing the user's certificate.
{key, {'RSAPrivateKey'| 'DSAPrivateKey' | 'PrivateKeyInfo', der_encoded()}}
The DER encoded users private key. If this option is supplied it will override the keyfile option.
{keyfile, path()}
Path to file containing user's private PEM encoded key. As PEM-files may contain several entries this option defaults to the same file as given by certfile option.
{password, string()}
String containing the user's password. Only used if the private keyfile is password protected.
{cacerts, [der_encoded()]}
The DER encoded trusted certificates. If this option is supplied it will override the cacertfile option.
{cacertfile, path()}
Path to file containing PEM encoded CA certificates (trusted certificates used for verifying a peer certificate). May be omitted if you do not want to verify the peer.
{ciphers, ciphers()}
The cipher suites that should be supported. The function cipher_suites/0 can be used to find all available ciphers. Additionally some anonymous cipher suites ({dh_anon, rc4_128, md5}, {dh_anon, des_cbc, sha}, {dh_anon, '3des_ede_cbc', sha}, {dh_anon, aes_128_cbc, sha}, {dh_anon, aes_256_cbc, sha}) are supported for testing purposes and will only work if explicitly enabled by this option and they are supported/enabled by the peer also.
{ssl_imp, new | old}
No longer has any meaning as the old implementation has been removed, it will be ignored.
{secure_renegotiate, boolean()}
Specifies if to reject renegotiation attempt that does not live up to RFC 5746. By default secure_renegotiate is set to false i.e. secure renegotiation will be used if possible but it will fallback to unsecure renegotiation if the peer does not support RFC 5746.
{depth, integer()}
The depth is the maximum number of non-self-issued intermediate certificates that may follow the peer certificate in a valid certification path. So if depth is 0 the PEER must be signed by the trusted ROOT-CA directly, if 1 the path can be PEER, CA, ROOT-CA, if it is 2 PEER, CA, CA, ROOT-CA and so on. The default value is 1.
{verify_fun, {Verifyfun :: fun(), InitialUserState :: term()}}

The verification fun should be defined as:

fun(OtpCert :: #'OTPCertificate'{}, Event :: {bad_cert, Reason :: atom()} | {extension, #'Extension'{}}, InitialUserState :: term()) -> {valid, UserState :: term()} | {valid_peer, UserState :: term()} | {fail, Reason :: term()} | {unknown, UserState :: term()}.

The verify fun will be called during the X509-path validation when an error or an extension unknown to the ssl application is encountered. Additionally it will be called when a certificate is considered valid by the path validation to allow access to each certificate in the path to the user application. Note that it will differentiate between the peer certificate and CA certificates by using valid_peer or valid as the second argument to the verify fun. See the public_key User's Guide for definition of #'OTPCertificate'{} and #'Extension'{}.

If the verify callback fun returns {fail, Reason}, the verification process is immediately stopped and an alert is sent to the peer and the TLS/SSL handshake is terminated. If the verify callback fun returns {valid, UserState}, the verification process is continued. If the verify callback fun always returns {valid, UserState}, the TLS/SSL handshake will not be terminated with respect to verification failures and the connection will be established. If called with an extension unknown to the user application the return value {unknown, UserState} should be used.

The default verify_fun option in verify_peer mode:

{fun(_,{bad_cert, _} = Reason, _) -> {fail, Reason}; (_,{extension, _}, UserState) -> {unknown, UserState}; (_, valid, UserState) -> {valid, UserState}; (_, valid_peer, UserState) -> {valid, UserState} end, []}

The default verify_fun option in verify_none mode:

{fun(_,{bad_cert, _}, UserState) -> {valid, UserState}; (_,{extension, _}, UserState) -> {unknown, UserState}; (_, valid, UserState) -> {valid, UserState}; (_, valid_peer, UserState) -> {valid, UserState} end, []}

Possible path validation errors:

{bad_cert, cert_expired}, {bad_cert, invalid_issuer}, {bad_cert, invalid_signature}, {bad_cert, unknown_ca},{bad_cert, selfsigned_peer}, {bad_cert, name_not_permitted}, {bad_cert, missing_basic_constraint}, {bad_cert, invalid_key_usage}
{hibernate_after, integer()|undefined}
When an integer-value is specified, the ssl_connection will go into hibernation after the specified number of milliseconds of inactivity, thus reducing its memory footprint. When undefined is specified (this is the default), the process will never go into hibernation.

SSL OPTION DESCRIPTIONS - CLIENT SIDE

Options described here are client specific or has a slightly different meaning in the client than in the server.

{verify, verify_type()}
In verify_none mode the default behavior will be to allow all x509-path validation errors. See also the verify_fun option.
{reuse_sessions, boolean()}
Specifies if client should try to reuse sessions when possible.

SSL OPTION DESCRIPTIONS - SERVER SIDE

Options described here are server specific or has a slightly different meaning in the server than in the client.

{dh, der_encoded()}
The DER encoded Diffie Hellman parameters. If this option is supplied it will override the dhfile option.
{dhfile, path()}
Path to file containing PEM encoded Diffie Hellman parameters, for the server to use if a cipher suite using Diffie Hellman key exchange is negotiated. If not specified default parameters will be used.
{verify, verify_type()}
Servers only do the x509-path validation in verify_peer mode, as it then will send a certificate request to the client (this message is not sent if the verify option is verify_none) and you may then also want to specify the option fail_if_no_peer_cert.
{fail_if_no_peer_cert, boolean()}
Used together with {verify, verify_peer} by an ssl server. If set to true, the server will fail if the client does not have a certificate to send, i.e. sends a empty certificate, if set to false it will only fail if the client sends an invalid certificate (an empty certificate is considered valid).
{reuse_sessions, boolean()}
Specifies if the server should agree to reuse sessions when the clients request to do so. See also the reuse_session option.
{reuse_session, fun(SuggestedSessionId, PeerCert, Compression, CipherSuite) -> boolean()}
Enables the ssl server to have a local policy for deciding if a session should be reused or not, only meaningful if reuse_sessions is set to true. SuggestedSessionId is a binary(), PeerCert is a DER encoded certificate, Compression is an enumeration integer and CipherSuite is of type ciphersuite().

General

When an ssl socket is in active mode (the default), data from the socket is delivered to the owner of the socket in the form of messages:

{ssl, Socket, Data} {ssl_closed, Socket} {ssl_error, Socket, Reason}

A Timeout argument specifies a timeout in milliseconds. The default value for a Timeout argument is infinity.

Functions

cipher_suites() ->

cipher_suites(Type) -> ciphers()

  • Type = erlang | openssl

Returns a list of supported cipher suites. cipher_suites() is equivalent to cipher_suites(erlang). Type openssl is provided for backwards compatibility with old ssl that used openssl.

connect(Socket, SslOptions) ->

connect(Socket, SslOptions, Timeout) -> {ok, SslSocket} | {error, Reason}

  • Socket = socket()
  • SslOptions = [ssloption()]
  • Timeout = integer() | infinity
  • SslSocket = sslsocket()
  • Reason = term()

Upgrades a gen_tcp, or equivalent, connected socket to an ssl socket i.e. performs the client-side ssl handshake.

connect(Host, Port, Options) ->

connect(Host, Port, Options, Timeout) -> {ok, SslSocket} | {error, Reason}

  • Host = host()
  • Port = integer()
  • Options = [option()]
  • Timeout = integer() | infinity
  • SslSocket = sslsocket()
  • Reason = term()

Opens an ssl connection to Host, Port.

close(SslSocket) -> ok | {error, Reason}

  • SslSocket = sslsocket()
  • Reason = term()

Close an ssl connection.

controlling_process(SslSocket, NewOwner) -> ok | {error, Reason}

  • SslSocket = sslsocket()
  • NewOwner = pid()
  • Reason = term()

Assigns a new controlling process to the ssl-socket. A controlling process is the owner of an ssl-socket, and receives all messages from the socket.

connection_info(SslSocket) -> {ok, {ProtocolVersion, CipherSuite}} | {error, Reason}

  • CipherSuite = ciphersuite()
  • ProtocolVersion = protocol()

Returns the negotiated protocol version and cipher suite.

format_error(Reason) -> string()

  • Reason = term()

Presents the error returned by an ssl function as a printable string.

getopts(Socket, OptionNames) -> {ok, [socketoption()]} | {error, Reason}

  • Socket = sslsocket()
  • OptionNames = [atom()]

Get the value of the specified socket options.

listen(Port, Options) -> {ok, ListenSocket} | {error, Reason}

  • Port = integer()
  • Options = options()
  • ListenSocket = sslsocket()

Creates an ssl listen socket.

peercert(Socket) -> {ok, Cert} | {error, Reason}

  • Socket = sslsocket()
  • Cert = binary()

The peer certificate is returned as a DER encoded binary. The certificate can be decoded with public_key:pkix_decode_cert/2.

peername(Socket) -> {ok, {Address, Port}} | {error, Reason}

  • Socket = sslsocket()
  • Address = ipaddress()
  • Port = integer()

Returns the address and port number of the peer.

recv(Socket, Length) ->

recv(Socket, Length, Timeout) -> {ok, Data} | {error, Reason}

  • Socket = sslsocket()
  • Length = integer()
  • Timeout = integer()
  • Data = [char()] | binary()

This function receives a packet from a socket in passive mode. A closed socket is indicated by a return value {error, closed}.

The Length argument is only meaningful when the socket is in raw mode and denotes the number of bytes to read. If Length = 0, all available bytes are returned. If Length > 0, exactly Length bytes are returned, or an error; possibly discarding less than Length bytes of data when the socket gets closed from the other side.

The optional Timeout parameter specifies a timeout in milliseconds. The default value is infinity.

prf(Socket, Secret, Label, Seed, WantedLength) -> {ok, binary()} | {error, reason()}

  • Socket = sslsocket()
  • Secret = binary() | master_secret
  • Label = binary()
  • Seed = [binary() | prf_random()]
  • WantedLength = non_neg_integer()

Use the pseudo random function (PRF) of a TLS session to generate additional key material. It either takes user generated values for Secret and Seed or atoms directing it use a specific value from the session security parameters.

This function can only be used with TLS connections, {error, undefined} is returned for SSLv3 connections.

renegotiate(Socket) -> ok | {error, Reason}

  • Socket = sslsocket()

Initiates a new handshake. A notable return value is {error, renegotiation_rejected} indicating that the peer refused to go through with the renegotiation but the connection is still active using the previously negotiated session.

send(Socket, Data) -> ok | {error, Reason}

  • Socket = sslsocket()
  • Data = iodata()

Writes Data to Socket.

A notable return value is {error, closed} indicating that the socket is closed.

setopts(Socket, Options) -> ok | {error, Reason}

  • Socket = sslsocket()
  • Options = [socketoption]()

Sets options according to Options for the socket Socket.

shutdown(Socket, How) -> ok | {error, Reason}

  • Socket = sslsocket()
  • How = read | write | read_write
  • Reason = reason()

Immediately close a socket in one or two directions.

How == write means closing the socket for writing, reading from it is still possible.

To be able to handle that the peer has done a shutdown on the write side, the {exit_on_close, false} option is useful.

ssl_accept(ListenSocket) ->

ssl_accept(ListenSocket, Timeout) -> ok | {error, Reason}

  • ListenSocket = sslsocket()
  • Timeout = integer()
  • Reason = term()

The ssl_accept function establish the SSL connection on the server side. It should be called directly after transport_accept, in the spawned server-loop.

ssl_accept(ListenSocket, SslOptions) ->

ssl_accept(ListenSocket, SslOptions, Timeout) -> {ok, Socket} | {error, Reason}

  • ListenSocket = socket()
  • SslOptions = ssloptions()
  • Timeout = integer()
  • Reason = term()

Upgrades a gen_tcp, or equivalent, socket to an ssl socket i.e. performs the ssl server-side handshake.

Warning!

Note that the listen socket should be in {active, false} mode before telling the client that the server is ready to upgrade and calling this function, otherwise the upgrade may or may not succeed depending on timing.

sockname(Socket) -> {ok, {Address, Port}} | {error, Reason}

  • Socket = sslsocket()
  • Address = ipaddress()
  • Port = integer()

Returns the local address and port number of the socket Socket.

start() ->

start(Type) -> ok | {error, Reason}

  • Type = permanent | transient | temporary

Starts the Ssl application. Default type is temporary. application(3)

stop() -> ok

Stops the Ssl application. application(3)

transport_accept(Socket) ->

transport_accept(Socket, Timeout) -> {ok, NewSocket} | {error, Reason}

  • Socket = NewSocket = sslsocket()
  • Timeout = integer()
  • Reason = reason()

Accepts an incoming connection request on a listen socket. ListenSocket must be a socket returned from listen/2. The socket returned should be passed to ssl_accept to complete ssl handshaking and establishing the connection.

Warning!

The socket returned can only be used with ssl_accept, no traffic can be sent or received before that call.

The accepted socket inherits the options set for ListenSocket in listen/2.

The default value for Timeout is infinity. If Timeout is specified, and no connection is accepted within the given time, {error, timeout} is returned.

versions() -> [{SslAppVer, SupportedSslVer, AvailableSslVsn}]

  • SslAppVer = string()
  • SupportedSslVer = [protocol()]
  • AvailableSslVsn = [protocol()]

Returns version information relevant for the ssl application.

SEE ALSO

inet(3) and gen_tcp(3)